Lazy litercy Essays - Knowledge, Literacy, Reading, Writing

Deferentially Lazy Literature I should begin by saying that my present mentality towards my very own education would need to be that of an apathetic yet aware understudy of proficiency. This is only my current demeanor and one of numerous emotions I have had towards perusing and composing. Directly my demeanor is enormously impacted by the American training framework, I state this since I am a full time understudy and have brief period to peruse or expound on my own advantages. All things considered my thankfulness originates from an enthusiasm to learn. At the point when I consider my past and the entirety of my various emotions towards education it's hard not to begin toward the start. So where did my sentiments of perusing and composing all beginning. At the point when I was growing up it was regular for kids to begin perusing and composing at around the age of three to five beginning kindergarten around the age of six most youngsters were required to know the nuts and bolts of perusing and composing by at that point. This was around the time that my folks were experiencing a terrible separation. Our individuals remaining with my grandparents having grandmother perusing a tale about King Midas who all that he contacted went to gold. With my folks experiencing such a separation there wasn't a lot of time for my home training as the two of them had full - time occupations. So beginning kindergarten I was at that point behind different youngsters. I recalled in kindergarten when the homeroom to do their perusing and composing I would leave the class for littler study hall down the lobby with three or four of different youngsters for an extraordinary understanding class. I would proceed in these perusing classes until the third grade. I accept my perusing and composing was consistently a piece more slow than different kids. Having consistently been behind my companions in school, I attempted to get by until I turned sixteen that would be my last day of the government funded instruction framework. As yet living at home my folks gave me a final offer to go to work full - time and get my GED or return to secondary school. I realized how hard it was for me in secondary school so I decided to go to work and get my GED. Being just sixteen I lied about my age and took a development work. Not having an idea about this present reality and simply being out of secondary school it was astounding how uninformed and how wise one individual could be. A portion of the elderly people men that would show me the exchange originated from a similar foundation as me, a neighborhood Midwest little - town kid, just they had done this three or four decades before me. These elderly people men had sentence structure and jargon that just incorporated their work. Working with and gaining from these elderly people men it was clear how significant a training was. So here we are ten or after fifteen years and I'm at long last getting that training. Growing up throughout the years encompassed by family who was continually perusing, composing and drawing. I generally recall my granddad having a Louis Lamour epic and a heap of National Geographic magazines. While my stepfather consistently had books about mountain men and the Civil War. While mother and grandmother were continually trading sentiment or riddle books. After my time in secondary school I began to appreciate perusing Stephen King, Dean Koontz, and Tom Clancy just to give some examples. Right up 'til today I do even now appreciate a decent novel, however for the most part its magazine or paper articles, also the content for school. Generally my assessment of perusing and composing is that I possibly prefer to do it when I need to or when it intrigues me. Really awful this isn't how life is. Regularly every day the entirety of my correspondence is finished with slang, anyway my helples s spelling and ghastly language is totally worthy in the realm of text informing. I decided to return to class in light of the fact that my slang is certainly not a legitimate language comprehended by all. This is the place my thankfulness for education comes in requiring and needing to have the option to impart is basic in passing on a message

English in the last scene Essay Example For Students

English in the last scene Essay This scene is set in the walking of the Cathedral of Rheims, soon after the Dauphin has been delegated King Charles VII. Joan is supplicating. She is upbeat that she has accomplished what she has decided to do in delegated the ruler, however she is tragic in light of the fact that she is misconstrued. She additionally reveals to Dunois that she misses the fervor of war and being a trooper. At last, she admits that, in spite of the fact that the majority love her, she can detect the contempt of the nobles towards her. She doesn't comprehend the explanation behind their hostility. Dunois clarifies that dumb and wasteful individuals never love the individuals who refute them and supercede them. The Dauphin and the Archbishop enter and talk about whether they should proceed with the war or take advantage of the lucky break to get ready harmony arrangements to stop the battling with the English and the common battle among the French. Joan accepts that they should walk ahead and recover Paris from the English. Dunois includes that they should move quick, for karma may not generally be their ally; different squires have no confidence that Paris can be recovered from the English. Truth be told, Charles and the Archbishop caution Joan against any further battling; when she demands proceeding, they think she is difficult and pleased, The Earl of Warwick has offered 16,000 pounds for Joans catch. Dunois cautions her that in the event that she is caught, no one will act the hero. The Archbishop concurs. Joan had before spoken brutally to him; consequently, the Archbishop is furious with her and blames her for sabotaging the authority of the Church. He discloses to her that on the off chance that she is gotten, she will be hauled through the lanes and copied as a witch. Dunois discloses to Bluebeard that if Joan includes herself in an absurd crusade, even he won't help her. Despite the fact that Joan understands that she is extremely alone in her battle, she isn't apprehensive, for she realizes that God is likewise alone. She trusts that her dejection will be her quality. Notes Scene V delineates the start of Joans genuine difficulty. She doesn't comprehend why such a large number of individuals are against her when she has just attempted to support them. Her reference to her voices even disturbs her most grounded supporter, Dunois. He guarantees that if Joan accomplishes something absurd, he will no longer help her. The King and the Archbishop have likewise cautioned her that in the event that she demands walking towards Paris, they won't go to her guide in the event that she is caught. They really think she is outstepping her limits and compromising their lifestyle; they are as defensive of their the norm similar to the English in the last scene. In spite of the fact that Joan has seen the Dauphin delegated as she wanted, she has been cautioned that the English have put a cost on her head; consequently, she feels that she can't return home, for she would doubtlessly be gotten. She is likewise persuaded that she can truly catch Paris from the English; nobody else in the room shares her confidence. They are sure that she will be vanquished and caught. She is plainly informed that on the off chance that she is caught, neither the King nor the Church will have the option to spare her. At the point when she is looked nine months up some other time and offered to the English, she can't play out any supernatural occurrences to spare herself, and none of her supporters go to her guide, despite the fact that the English have taken steps to consume her at the stake as a witch. Notwithstanding her experience, Joan is extremely resolute in her confidence in God. SCENE VI This scene is set in a corridor in the Castle at Rouen on May 30,1431. It has been nine months since Joan was caught by the Burgundians and sold as a captive to the English. .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff , .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .postImageUrl , .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff , .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff:hover , .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff:visited , .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff:active { border:0!important; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff:active , .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u 79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u79c0bc4fa6d0d392e208aabf511a2fff:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Victorian youngsters EssayShe is presently brought under the steady gaze of the religious court of the Bishop of Beauvais (Peter Cauchon) to be gone after for apostasy. Before the preliminary starts, Cauchon shows up and acquaints the Earl of Warwick with the Inquisitor. The Earl, who was answerable for giving Joan over to the court, asks about the advancement of the procedures. He additionally undermines the appointed authorities with viciousness if the investigation doesn't denounce Joan. They, in any case, demand that Joan is to have a reasonable preliminary. Actually, the charges against her have been sliced to twelve, down from the past aggregate of sixty-four. The Inquisitors, be that as it may, guarantee the nobles that the twelve are sufficient to sentence Joan to death on the off chance that they can be demonstrated. Also the Inquisitor tells the Earl that Joan will be the cause all her own problems, for her own words ruin her opportunity of opportunity. Joan is gotten and addressed by the appointed authorities. Wearing chains, she is demonstrating the strain of a long detainment and the uneasiness of the preliminary. She is insusceptible to her doubting and is scarcely reasonable as she babbles about her dreams and voices. She says that she is happy to comply with the Church on the off chance that it doesn't solicit her to deny the presence from the voices. Joan likewise guarantees that she has never conflicted with the authority of the Church, however emphasizes her conviction that one needs to serve God before serving the Church. As the preliminary continues, the Inquisitor discloses to Joan the heartbreaking results of her activities against the Church and Society. He suggests, notwithstanding, that Joan is an honest who has positively no clue about the centrality of what she has done. Therefore, he beseeches the court to overlook the worldly accuses of which De Stogumber and others are blurring the primary issue and requests that the court demonstration with benevolence and equity. A youthful priest and one of the Dominican appointed authorities, Brother Ladvenu, shows up before Joan and attempts to make her see that her dreams originate from the Devil and not God. He guarantees that the Devil makes a lady wear a troopers garments. She answers that it isn't malicious, however altogether pragmatic, to take on the appearance of a man when troopers encompass her. Nobody, be that as it may, tunes in to her contentions, and she understands that the killer present is set up to consume her as witch. Sibling Ladvenu calls attention to that her voices have lied, for they have vowed to spare her; yet she isn't being spared. Joan at last consents to abjure so as to spare herself; however when she discovers that she would in any case not be discharged, yet never-endingly detained, she destroys the recantation and shouts that she realizes that her voices are correct. She asserts that the insight of the court originates from the Devil, though her advice originates from God. She is eager to be singed at the stake for her convictions. The court calls for Joans prompt banning for being an apostate and a witch. Cauchon, be that as it may, demands that the preliminary be typical and legitimate. Then again, the Inquisitor couldn't care less on the off chance that she is taken from the court and consumed at the stake without the best possible legitimate activities. With his endorsement, Joan is taken from the court. The Earl of Warwick avoids Joans execution, yet de Stogumber goes to witness Joan being singed at the stake. Horrified by the awfulness of the sight, he begins crying. At the point when he comes in to join the Earl, he whenever loaded up with dread that he will be doomed to all time everlasting as far as concerns him in her appalling, barbarous passing. As she is being scorched, Joan shows incredible fearlessness and self-control. 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The Relationship Between Political Processes and Science Essay

The political procedures engaged with the creation of logical realities and innovation keeps on being distorted and underemphasised in contemporary scholarly and more extensive open talk. This is apparent while considering the methodologies utilized by antiquarians, logicians and analysts when deciphering past upheavals, outlook changes and discussions in science. In this inability to represent the natural relationship of governmental issues, logical realities and innovation, it has prompted the risky twisting of how science identifies with society and works as an establishment. A few suppositions are frequently made about science, for instance the presence of a target ‘scientific method’. Naã ¯ve inductivists who keep up this view guarantee that â€Å"science begins with observation†, and besides that â€Å"observation yields a safe premise from which information can be derived† (Chalmers, 1982, p. 22). This standard model of science raises a lot of worry as it invalidates to represent the perplexing idea of perception. Initially, Gestalt symbolism exhibits the assortment of unmistakable implications which can be extrapolated from one picture thus an assortment of improvements. Furthermore, the standard story of ‘scientific method’ through perception is debilitated while considering the significance of ‘gaps’ inside science, appeared through the Solar Neutrino contextual analysis. Researchers watched the action of sun powered neutrinos and in 1967, when information started to come to pass, irregularities were seen which resisted their forecasts. There were differences concerning the perusing of the outcomes and from 1968 to 1978 mainstream researchers proceeded in their endeavor to determine the ‘gaps’. A urgent inquiry emerges, which understanding of the picture or information is ‘correct’ or ‘legitimate’... ...999, p. 17 - Bishop, J. furthermore, Landell-Mills, N., ‘Forest Environmental Services: An Overview’ in Selling Forest Environmental Services: Market-based instruments for preservation and advancement, Earthscan, London 2002, p. 30 - Ede, A. furthermore, Cormac, L., A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility, Broadview Press, Ontario, 2004, p. 209 - Kill, J., ‘The Scientific Uncertainty of Carbon Sinks’ and ‘Why Carbon Sinks Won’t Help Stop Forest Destruction’ in Sinks in the Kyoto Protocol: A messy arrangement for woodlands, timberland people groups and the atmosphere, FERN, 2001, p, 9 - Kuhn, T., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The University of Chicago Press, 1996, p. 56 - Pinch, T. J. furthermore, Bijker, W. E., ‘The Social Construction of Facts and Artefacts’ in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, ed. W. E. Bijker, T. P. Hughes and T. J. Squeeze, MIT Press, 1987, p. 19

Comments on Civil Disobedience - Literature Essay Samples

At the beginning of â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau expresses agreement with the idea â€Å"that government is best which governs least†. When carried to its logical conclusion, this concept leads to the realization â€Å"that government is best which governs not at all†. Thoreau believes government is the mode people have chosen to affect their will and is apt to be exploited before the people can act through it. Whatever the government assumes or promises, Thoreau argues, it does not keep a country free and it does not educate. He claims that all good that has been accomplished in America has been done not by the government, but by the people. He also argues that further accomplishments may have been reached if the government had not interfered. Thoreau states that as a reasonable citizen, he does not ask for no government at all, but an improved government. The first step in improving a government is for the people to identify what kind of government woul d earn their respect and loyalty. The problem is that not every individual has a say in how the government should perform, and many do not have the respect or even acknowledgement from the government. The majority can rule simply because it is more physically powerful, and the minority has essentially no say in shaping law. To Thoreau, a government based on majority rule is not based on justice. He asks, â€Å"Should an individual citizen have to resign his conscience to the legislator?† If this is so, why would a person even have a conscience? Thoreau states that we should be men first and subjects later. It is not desirable to develop a high opinion of the law, so much as for justice and right. For an individual to do what he thinks is right is the only duty which one has the right to assume. Thoreau makes a good argument; a group on its own has no conscience. However, a group of conscientious people is a conscientious group. Thoreau claims that when the people have respec t for an undeserving government, the only natural result is that the people will be following the law against their wills, against their common sense, and against their conscience. So, Thoreau asks, are these people men at all? He states, â€Å"A wise man will only be useful as a man, and will not submit to be clay†. Thoreau states that most men do recognize the right of revolution when a government’s tyranny or inefficiency are sufficiently great and unendurable. When most of a country is unjustly overrun, then this is the time for honest individuals to rebel and revolt. Thoreau refers to voting as â€Å"a game†. He states that a person votes as he thinks is right, but that he is not necessarily bothered by whether or not his belief – his vote – is successful. The people, he believes, seem to be willing to leave this to the majority. Thoreau argues that a real wise man would not take the risk of what is right not prevailing and would also realiz e that there is not much virtue in the action of the mass. But as far as real men go, Thoreau believes that they are few and rare. He makes this clear in this essay; â€Å"How many men are there to a square thousand miles in the country? Hardly one.† Thoreau believes that there are few real people, it seems, because we are hypocritical, inconsistent, and weak in our beliefs. He claims that many disapprove of the nature of the government but continue to support it. Such people, he argues, should be resisting the government. An individual cannot genuinely be content when he knows he is consciously being cheated or deceived. Thoreau believes that instead of obeying rules one knows to be unjust, the individual should attempt to alter those laws. He suggests that the power of governmental control is what causes people to perceive resistance as worse than obedience. The government and the mass do not seem to be aware of or appreciate the wise minority who would push for reform, a nd those who choose to resist are punished and humiliated. Most people would rather wait until the majority agrees that laws should be revised via traditional process than to resist. Thoreau argues that if a government expects an individual to follow and carry out injustice, then that government is not one that should be followed. He makes a very good claim by saying that when one is under a government which unjustly imprisons people, then prison would be the appropriate place for a true, just individual. Thoreau evidently believes that an individual should not follow laws which he or she believes to be unjust. He states, â€Å"Know all men by these presents, that I, Henry Thoreau, do not wish to be regarded as a member of any society which I have not joined.† He declares that a real man would find it less confining to be locked up in a prison cell knowing that he was doing what is right, rather than living â€Å"free† in a society while obeying laws he believes to be wrong. Thoreau tries to make it clear at the end of the essay that he does not hate the idea of government, but that it is in dire need of major improvement, and that it should only be followed if it is just and if it has the consent of those who it governs. He states that the state will never be progressive and free until it recognizes the individuals, rather than the mass, and respects them accordingly.

The El Salvadoran Government Adopted - 985 Words

The El Salvadoran government adopted its first comprehensive legislation to combat MS-13 and other street gangs in 2003. The measures provided were colloquially referred to as Mano Dura or Firm Hand. The government felt that that they had waited long enough to take action against the increasing threat of gang activity and would now meet the challenge head on with brutal tactics. The first Ley Anti-Mara was immediately controversial. It criminalized gang association, allowing El Salvadoran police forces to arrest and imprison suspected gang members on the spot. The law also allowed the courts to try suspected gang members under the age of eighteen as adults. Moreover, the Ley Anti-Mara spells out a list of criminal offenses such as harassing a person on neighborhood streets in a threatening manner, fighting in groups of two or more in a public setting, and communicating or identifying themselves with maras by way of signs or tattoos. These anti-mara measures were as ephemeral as they were controversial. Within a year of its passage, the El Salvadoran Supreme Court ruled that the measures were unconstitutional, arguing that it violated domestic and international law to try minors as adults, gave cases of non-gang related homicide less significance, and violated the presumption that those being tried were guilty before they had a chance to argue their case. Shortly after the Supreme Court ruled against the anti-mara measures, the government passed a second LeyShow MoreRelatedThe Massacre At El Mozote1519 Words   |  7 Pagesdays of mid-December in 1981, the Salvadoran military slaughtered hundreds of men, women, and children who they believed were accessories to the left-wing guerrilla group that was waging war against the government. 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There is no definite explanation as to why El Salvador still suffers tremendously from the lasting effects of the civil war but a lot can be traced to outside state involvement in the conflict. The United States government played a huge role in the civilRead MorePre Semester Response : U.s. Dollar As Ficial Form Of Currency Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagescurrency exchange is very limited, I believe that it was beneficial for El Salvador to adopt the US dollar as their official form of currency. As CNN’s article states, millions of dollars were sent to banks to familiarize themselves with green backs, so it is not as though the shift was unexpected or ill warned. 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Carbon Dioxide And The Effects Of Climate Change - 1517 Words

Carbon Dioxide and the Effects of Climate Change At the 2016 Oscar awards, Leonardo DiCaprio received a long-awaited first Oscar, only to mention climate change as, â€Å"the most urgent threat facing our entire species.† Talk of climate change has become more prevalent in recent years, but has not done so unjustified. Global ambient air temperatures have risen at alarming rates and are projected to rise up to 6 degrees Celsius by the year 2100. Such drastic changes in the air temperature will not only have an effect on heat distribution, but could prove disastrous to individual ecosystems and the overall biosphere of planet earth. Many ecosystems are a delicate balance of plant and animal life and, when altered by slight margins, can harm carbon cycles and imperiled species. Furthermore, evaporation and precipitation rates will also morph over time to match the changing of the seasons, further antagonizing severe weather patterns. In combination, all of these side effects of carbon emissions provide a bleak future for the earth and all of its inhabitants, and if these problems are not addressed properly we could all suffer the consequences for future generations to come. Research suggests that the harmful effects of carbon emissions must be addressed aggressively because many species are suffering in number as well as quality of life, weather patterns and rainfall are behaving more erratically, and the overall temperature of the earth continues to rise at an alarming rate.Show MoreRelatedClimate Change : An Effective Method Of Improving Air Quality During This Transition1676 Words   |  7 PagesDefining climate change is crucial in the process of building agreements among scientists, policy makers and the public. The UNFCCC defines climate change as a significant change in global climate patterns caused by the alteration of earth’s atmosphere due to high carbon emissions. 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Question: Describe about the Interpreting Health Research and Issues? Answer: Outline of Problem Healthcare management emphasizes on controlling infection within the hospital for maintaining hospital hygiene. It is evident that hospital acquired infection which is known as nosocomial infection is a major concern for the health care providers and professional (McFee, 2009). Nosocomial infection can be described as the infection which has been acquired by the patient within the hospital who has been admitted to the hospital due to another reason. Hence, it means that at the time of admission, that specific infection was absent or incubating (Asensio et al., 2006). Additionally, the infections which take place after discharging patient and the occupational infections spread among the hospital staffs are included in the Nosocomial infection. Though rapid advancement in the health care due to innovation of efficient equipments and technology, infections continue to spread among the patients who have been admitted in the hospitals as well as the hospital staffs (Fridkin, Edwards, Teno ver, Gaynes McGowan, Jr., 2001). It has been found that various factors significantly contribute in promoting infection within the hospital among the patient as they have low level of immunity. Nosocomial infection occurs across the globe and it has been identified as one of the principles causes behind increased morbidity among the patients admitted in the hospitals (Newman, 2010). Formulation of Relevant Question A research and clinical audit can be conducted for preventing and controlling hospital acquired infections. Relevant research question need to be formulated for addressing the discussed issue. Relevant question will be: Positivist Approach The positivist approach in health care research focuses on discovering the general laws regarding the correlation among distinct phenomena, especially the cause and effect. According to this approach, the clinical studies or experiments are designed for measuring as well as explaining the relationship (Holloway, 2005). Moreover, it helps in testing so that a law can be disproved. Researches who adopt positivist approach focuses on putting pain under the microscope at the time of developing and testing analgesics and analyze the physiological response of the patients. In the context of social medicine, positivist theory can take some account but tends to scrutinize the social in physical terms. For example, it focuses on expressing how estimation as well as expression of pain differs in terms of age, gender and race. Positivist approach emphasizes on the cause and effect (Pope Mays, 2000). Advantages The major advantage of positivist approach has an ability to generalize the findings of a study when it has been replicated for different population. Using the quantitative techniques, positivist approach can forecast. This approach is appropriate for studying large population and it also helps in saving time (Cohen, Manion Morrison, 2003). Limitations Some limitations of positivist approach have been identified such as the methods in this approach are found to be very flexible at the same time artificial (Boyte, 2000). Additionally, positivist approach is not useful in generating and establishing new theories. Positivist approach focuses on generalization and it is not helpful in analyzing a particular context. Inaccurate data collection may lead to change the ultimate result of the hypothesis (Bowen, 2001). Health Related Problem Health care service providers are highly exposed to several infections. Nosocomial infection has been a major concern for the health care management across the globe. It is basically a hospital acquired infection which was absent at the time of admission to the hospital. Ineffective management of infectious waste has been identified as the major reason behind the nosocomial infection. Nosocomial infections are responsible for leading to functional disability along with emotional pressure on the patient as well as health care staffs. Ultimately, it leads to develop some disabling condition which declines the quality of life. Additionally, hospital acquired infection increases the hospital morbidity. It is evident that the advancement of health care technology and procedures has resulted in increasing variety of process and techniques which are responsible for creation of prospective routes for infection. Therefore, the poor infection control techniques of the hospital facilitate the t ransmission of different bacteria among the patients as well as health care staffs. Moreover, the organisms which cause nosocmial infection can be transmitted in the community when the patient is discharged or family members and hospital staffs. Consequently, these organisms can cause potentially harmful diseases in the community. It is very important to take effective measures for controlling and preventing nosocomial infection. In order to eradicate or minimize hospital acquired infection, it is important to identify the root causes of this problem and therefore developing effective techniques for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection. The research questions which will address the identified health related problem is: Potential Ethical Issues A research study can be conducted for analyzing the major reasons behind Nosoomial infection in the hospitals and identification of effective measures for preventing as well as controlling hospital acquired infections. In this study, relevant primary information for addressing the research questions successfully. Ethical aspect has significant importance in different spheres of study. It has been found that some ethical issues are associated with the research study. First of all, the major ethical issue is associated with interviewing the patients. The confidentiality of the personal information shared by the patients need to be maintained. There is a significant risk of disclosure of the personal information of the patients. Secondly, another important ethical issue is gathering information from the patients who are yet to complete the recovery process. Interviewing them for gathering relevant information is not ethical as it could affect the physical as well as mental health of the person. Third important ethical issue is concerned with the confidential information of the hospital. It may found that some cases of nosocomial infection are not reported and registered. Accessing the information of the hospital may lead to disclosure of some confidential information. Using this information for personal use without the permission of hospital authority is not ethical. These are the major three ethical issues associated with conducting the proposed research study. The ethical issues can be ranked according to its importance in the following manner: Personal information of patients Interviewing ill patients Confidential information of hospital Annotated Bibliography Weinstein, R., Gaynes, R., Edwards, J. (2005). Overview of Nosocomial Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacilli.Clinical Infectious Diseases,41(6), 848-854. doi:10.1086/432803 The authors have gathered as well as analyzed information from 1986 to 2003 for determining the epidemiology of the gram negative bacilli in case of the intensive care unit. The study has been conducted for the common types of Nosocomial infection such as urinary tract infection, surgical site infection, bloodstream infections and pneumonia. This study was focused on analyzing more than 410,000 bacterial isolates which are responsible for nosocomial infections in the ICU. The study has clearly demonstrated that the gram negative bacilli is continued to be correlated with the nosocmial infection. It has been found that, for the past twenty years gram negative bacilli is the root cause of occurrence of urinary tract infection and pneumonia. Presently, it has been found that gram positive bacteria are associated with blood stream and surgical site infection. In this study each of the antimicrobial pathogen has been tested which has demonstrated the growing trend of resistance. Though it has been identified that the principle causes of nosocomial infection are same all over the world this study has indicated that the increasing antimicrobial resistance varies within a well as outside of a nation. According to Weinstein Edwards (2005), gram negative bacilli, for instance, P. aeruginosa, is intrinsically resistant to the antimicrobials or it has acquired the antimicrobial resistance. Hence it can be anticipated that proportion of the gram negative bacilli has been increasing. This study has identified prevalence of multidrug resistance is the major concern for the gram negative bacilli leading to the nosocomial infections. Hsueh, P., Chen, W., Luh, K. (2005). Relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections from 19912003 at a university hospital in Taiwan.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,26(6), 463-472. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.016 Hsueh, Chen Luh (2005) had conducted a research study for evaluating the correlation between the use of antimicrobial and antimicrobial resistance in the university of Taiwan. Data has been collected for the incidents where gram negative bacteria is responsible for leading to the hospital acquired infection in the time period of 1991 to 2003. The researchers have evaluated the disk susceptibility data of Proteusspp, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacterspp., Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Serratia marcescens along with other gram negative bacilli causing hospital acquired infections. This study has analyzed the secondary information relating the annual patient days along with consumption per year of thee extended spectrum cephalosporinssuch as ceftazidime, cefpirome, ceftriaxone, flumoxef, cefotaxime etc., aminoglycosides, -lactam-lactamase inhibitor combinations, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems during the period 1991 to 2003. This research paper h as identified the growing trend of events of several of these bacteria which caused nosocomial bloodstream infection during 191 to 2003. Additionally, it has been identified that number of days spent by the patients in the hospitals have enhanced significantly. However, the trend has slightly changed in the year 2003 due to significant epidemic of respiratory syndrome in the nation. The statistical analysis of the study has demostarted a significant correlation between the growing resistance for ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime in E coli and higher consumption of the carbapenems, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones etc. among the patients admitted in the university hospital of Taiwan. The research study has reached a conclusion that the increased antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacterspp (which is resistant to meropenem) and K. pneumonia (which is resistant to ciprofloxacin) has a significant correlation with the increasing utilization of the cephalosporins. The study h as exhibited major change in the use of antimicrobial which has influenced the antimicrobial resistances in case of some specific gram negative bacteria in the hospitals. Ibrahim, E. H., Sherman, G., Ward, S., Fraser, V. J., Kollef, M. H. (2000). The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting.Chest Journal,118(1), 146-155. This study has been conducted with the aim of evaluation of the correlation between the competence of antimicrobial treatment for one of the most common nosocomial bloodstream infection and the results among the people who require to get admitted in the intensive care unit. The study has been designed in a prospective cohort study for 492 patients in a hospital. In this study primary data has been collected through patient surveillance. The research study has demonstrated that 29.9% of the sample population has received insufficient antimicrobial treatment in case of the hospital acquired bloodstream infection. Additionally, the study has analyzed the mortality rate of the patients admitted in the hospital having a nosocomial bloodstream infection. It has been found that the patients receiving sufficient antimicrobial treatment has lower mortality rate in comparison to the patients receiving insufficient antimicrobial treatment. The statistical analysis conducted in this research has recognized the insufficient antimicrobial treatment in the hospital as the independent determinant of the hospital mortality. Moreover, this study has also identified the principle causes of bloodstream infections. The common pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus (resistant to oxacilin), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci (resistant to vancomycin), coagulase-negative staphylococci, Candida species. This study has provided an insight regarding the administration of the insufficient antimicrobial treatment for the victims of nosocomial bloodstream infection which has a significant association with the hospital mortality. The study has concluded that the hospitals must focus on putting significant effort in order to minimize inadequacy in terms of antimicrobial treatment. Rosenthal, V. D., Maki, D. G., Salomao, R., Moreno, C. A., Mehta, Y., Higuera, F., . Leblebicioglu, H. (2006). Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries.Annals of internal medicine,145(8), 582-591. The research study has emphasized on analyzing the role of the medical devices in spreading nosocomial infection. It is evident that the medical devices in the intensive care units of the hospital are a major issues related to the patient safety. The major aim of this study is to find out the incidents of nosocomial infection generated from the medical devices in the intensive care units of the developing nations. In this study, 46 hospitals of developing countries such as Brazil, India, Morocco, Colombia, Argentia, Peru, Mexico etc have been considered for conducting the study. The study has found that during 2002 2005, the 14.7% patients in the ICU of the studied hospitals had been suffering from hospital acquired infection caused by the medical devices. This study has implied that the patients have greater risk of ventilator associated pneumonia. Ventilators account for almost 41% device related nosocomial infections. Additionally, it has been found that the patients are highly vulnerable to the bloodstream infections which are associated with the central venous catheter. Urinary tract infections are related to catheter which has been found to be very common in case of the ICUs of the studied hospitals. The findings of the research included that most of the infections related to Staphylococcus aureus has been leaded by methicillin resistant strains. This research study has concluded that t he intensive care units of the developing countries are exposed to significant risk related to the medical devices which is considered to be a significant threat associated with the patient safety. This study has recommended that active control as well as prevention program must be designed and implemented for offering high range of patient safety. Ouderkirk, J., Nord, J., Turett, G., Kislak, J. (2003). Polymyxin B Nephrotoxicity and Efficacy against Nosocomial Infections Caused by Multiresistant Gram-Negative Bacteria.Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy,47(8), 2659-2662. doi:10.1128/aac.47.8.2659-2662.2003 The principle objective of this paper is to find out the effectiveness of the systematic colistin therapy for treating the nosocomial infections which has been caused due to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii which are multi drug resistant. Additionally, this paper has been focusing on the scrutinizing the relevant incidents which are adverse in terms of outcomes. In this paper, Ouderkirk, Nord, Turett Kislak, (2003), a research report of the study which was conducted in the university hospital of Tunisia has been presented. The study was conducted on 75 people who had been suffering from seventy eight hospital acquired infections due to P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii which are resistant to multidrug. This study was conducted for the patients admitted in the intensive care units and primary data was collected. The research method focused on conducting a practical intervention for preventing and controlling nosocomial infection. In this study, the patients were treated with colistin sulphomethate sodium. The procedure was administrated intravenously. Additionally, the dosage of the colistin sulphomethate sodium was adjusted as per the renal function of the patients. In this study, thee researchers have used statistical methods such as linear regression that has been utilized for analyzing the correlation between the chosen variables. From this study it can be inferred that colistin is safe and can be used for treating the patients suffering from nosocomial infections due to the multi drug resistant. Hence, this study has recommended use of colistin as a salvage therapy for the patients where the hospital acquired infection is severe and the infections caused by the multi drug resistant. Jain, M. (2006). Decline in ICU adverse events, nosocomial infections and cost through a quality improvement initiative focusing on teamwork and culture change.Quality And Safety In Health Care,15(4), 235-239. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.016576 Previous studies have identified that in the intensive care units, hospital acquired infections take place for almost 10% patients. Some research studies have demonstrated that an initiative for enhancing quality can contribute in declining the infections which are acquired within the hospital, mortality rate along with the cost. On the basis of the past studies, Jain (2006), has conducted a study in a hospital which is situated in the northern region of Mississippi. It has been found that the average occupancy rate of the intensive care unit of the hospital having 28 beds is 95%. An initiative was adopted by the researcher for improving the rate of infections which have been acquired in the hospitals declining the number of adverse incidents in ICU along with decreasing the tenure of stay in ICU. In this research, four changes were implemented and the first is facilitation of multidisciplinary rounds which had been led by the physicians. A flow meeting was conducted daily for assessing the availability of bed. Bundles refers to the third change that refers to the set of evidences which are based on the best practices. Cultural changes have been facilitated where the emphasis was given on the team decision making. The research study has demonstrated significant impact of the change implemented by Jain (2006). It has been observed that the rate of nonsocial infection such as blood stream infection, ventilation related pneumonia and urinary tract infection has declined. The study has clearly implied that adoption of a systematic approach for improving the settings in the intensive care units can exhibit significant result. It has been found that the multidisciplinary team has contributed in enhancing the communication and the bundles have offered consistency of evidence based practice. The flow meeting was found to be effective as it assisted in prioritization of the tasks and developed a new culture for decision making empowered by the members of the team. Urrea, M., Pons, M., Serra, M., Latorre, C., Palomeque, A. (2003). Prospective incidence study of nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,22(6), 490-493. This study has been conducted for analyzing the incidents of nosocomial infection in case of the intensive care units for pediatrics. It is evident that the infections acquired within the hospital lead to the mortality, morbidity or elongated hospital stay in the in case of the intensive care units of pediatrics department. The study was based on surveillance and it was conducted in the university hospital in Bercelona. The study aimed to scrutinize the epidemiologic profile of the hospital acquired diseases. In this study, for describing the nosocomial infection, the definition provided by Centres for Diseases Control and Prevention has been used a standard. Primary data was collected for identification of the external risk factors which is related to the nosocomial infection. This study has found that, during that six month period almost 15.1% patients were suffering from nosocomial infections. The findings of the study stated that the incidence of nosocomial infection is 1.5% in the pediatric intensive care units. The patients with cardiac surgery are found to be highly vulnerable to the nosocomial infections. Additionally, this study had focused on identification of the common types of hospital acquired infections. Bacteremia has the highest rate of occurrence in the pediatric intensive care units. Moreover, urinary tract infection and respiratory infections are the most common nosocomial infections. It has been found that these nosocomial infections have a significant correlation with the utilization of the invasive devices. This study has been able to isolate two most common organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Coagulase-negative staphylococci. The duration of staying in the hospital for the patients with nosocmial infection is 22.5 days and 9 days fo r the patients without infections. Levin, A., Levy, C., Manrique, A., Medeiros, E., Costa, S. (2003). Severe nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,21(1), 58-62. doi:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00276-5 In the hospitals, Acinetobacter baumannii leads to various infections such as bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection, meningitis and pneumonia. Across the world issues resistant to multidrug has been identified as the major problem which is growing concern of the health care providers. Acinetobacter has been found to be resistant to all the antimicrobials that are commercially available. This study conducted by Levin, Levy, Manrique, Medeiros Costa (2003) focused on scrutinizing the clinical competence of the combination of ampicillin and sulbactam for treating the infection caused by the Acinetobacter baumannii. Primary data was collected for this study for gathering information regarding the infection caused by the Acinetobacter baumannii which is multidrug resistant. In this study the patients were treated with the combination of sulbactam and amplicillin. It has been observed that the Acinetobacter baumannii leaded to death of 80% of the patients having different nosocomial infections. However, patients with urinary tract infections have survived. Most of the patients considered in this study were at the terminal stage and they did not have any other therapeutic option. According to Levin, Levy, Manrique, Medeiros Costa (2003) , this study has implied that treating the patients with nosocomial infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii is effective. Hence, from this study it can be inferred that combination of sulbactam and amplicillin is safe as well as effective therapeutic option for treating severe infection that has been caused due to the Acinetobacter baumannii. Segers, P., Speekenbrink, R., Ubbink, D., van Ogtrop, M., de Mol, B. (2006). Prevention of Nosocomial Infection in Cardiac Surgery by Decontamination of the Nasopharynx and Oropharynx With Chlorhexidine Gluconate, A Randomized Controlled Trial.JAMA,296(20), 2460. doi:10.1001/jama.296.20.2460 This paper aims to identify a prevention mechanism for nosocomial infection in case of the cardiac surgery. Past research studies have identified nosocomial infection as a significant cause behind mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. Therefore, this study has been conducted by Segers, Speekenbrink, Ubbink, van Ogtrop de Mol (2006), for determining the effectiveness of the perioperative decontamination of the oropharynxand nasopharynx in order to reduce nosocomial infection after the cardiac surgery. A double blind, randomized, prospective and placebo controlled clinical trial had been conducted by the researchers on the patients who have been undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. The major intervention of this clinical study is use of nasal ointment which will contain placebo or chlorhexidine gluconate. The findings of the study implied that the use of chlorhexidine gluconate has helped in declining the rate of respiratory tract infection along with severe surgical site infections. Additionally, in order to prevent nosocomial infection, the patients were treated with chlorhexidine gluconatein have demonstrated notable reduction in rate of Staphylococcus aureusnasal carriage. Additionally, the study has indicated that the use of chlorhexidine gluconatein has helped in shorten the duration of stay in hospital. Hence, the major findings of the study clearly implies that one of the most effective prevention mechanism of nosocomial infection is to decontaminate oropharynx with nasophary nx along with chlorhexidine gluconateafter occurrence of cardiac surgery. Leone, M., Garnier, F., Dubuc, M., Christine Bimar, M., Martin, C. (2001). Prevention of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in ICU Patients *.Chest,120(1), 220. doi:10.1378/chest.120.1.220 One of the most common nosocomial infections in intensive care unit is urinary tract infection. The principle purpose of the clinical research study is to indentify whether utilization of a complicated closed drainage system or the two chambered open drainage system can help in differentiating the rate of acquisition of bacteriuria which is responsible for urinary tract infection. In this study, complex closed drainage system refers to the drip chamber, antireflux valve and a pre-attached catheter and provision of iodine releasing cartridge. The design of the study is nonrandomized and prospective and a controlled trial has been conducted to find a preventive mechanism for nosocomial urinary tract infection for the patients admitted in the intensive care unit. The researcher has conducted the study in the medical and surgical ICU of the university hospital for 224 patients. Two types of complex closed drainage system were applied to evaluate the difference. The findings of statistical analysis were not been able to demonstrate any significant difference between the rates of bacteriuria acquisition between these two groups. Two individual studies have been conducted for comparing the efficiency of complex closed drainage system and the two chamber open drainage system for preventing the urinary tract infection in ICU. As no significant difference has been noted between these two urinary drainage systems, complex closed drainage system will not be selected as the cost is higher in this case. According to Leone, Garnier, Du buc, Christine Bimar Martin (2001) it is not justified to bear higher cost without any significant implication. Mastretta, E., Longo, P., Laccisaglia, A., Balbo, L., Russo, R., Mazzaccara, A., Gianino, P. (2002). Effect of Lactobacillus GG and Breast-feeding in the Prevention of Rotavirus Nosocomial Infection.Journal Of Pediatric Gastroenterology And Nutrition,35(4), 527-531. doi:10.1097/00005176-200210000-00013 Several past research studies have proved that Rotavirus is one of the most common etiologic agents which lead to nosocomial infection among children. Therefore, it is evident that it is very important to develop effective preventive measures. One research study has found that LactobacillusGG can be very effective in treating the rotavirus infection. However, there is only one evidence for supporting the prevention mechanism of LactobacillusGG. Hence, Mastretta et al., (2002) decided to undertake a study for providing additional support to the previous study. Additionally, there is a strong conflict regarding the role of breast feeding for preventing the nosocomial infection caused by rotavirus. The major aim of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the Lactobacillus GC along with the role of breast feeding in order to prevent nososcomial infection caused by rotavirus. Mastretta et al., (2002) had conducted a double blind; placebo controlled and randomized study on two hundred twenty children. They were treated with LactobacillusGG everyday and test was performed for finding the presence of rotavirus every day even after discharge. The results of the study have not been able to find any significant impact of the Lactobacillus GG in preventing the infection caused by rotavirus. Moreover, an important implication of the study is found in case of the role of breast feeding. The study has indicated that the attack rate of rotavirus has been significantly lower in case of children who were breast fed in comparison to the children who were non breast fed. Hence, Mastretta et al., (2002) has clearly identified Lactobacillus GG was not efficient for prevention of the nosocomial infection caused by rotavirus. However, it can be concluded that breast feeding is more effective in order to prevent attack of rotavirus among children. Lam, B. (2004). Hand Hygiene Practices in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multimodal Intervention and Impact on Nosocomial Infection.PEDIATRICS,114(5), e565-e571. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1107 Nosocomial infections are persistent in the intensive care units for neonatal. It has been indentified that hand hygiene plays a major role in prevention of the nosocomial infection. However, the health care workers across the world have demonstrated poor hand hygiene compliance. The major aim of this study is to analyze nature as well as frequency of the patient contact in case of the intensive care units of neonatal. Additionally, the study aimed to observed the techniques as well as compliance of the hand hygiene among the health care workers before and after implementing an intervention program. Lam (2004) had observed the frequency and the nature of the patient contacts along with compliance with hand hygiene as well as the techniques of washing hands were observed clearly. It significantly helped in reflecting the baseline compliance. Additionally, it focused on investigation of the factors for noncompliance. The intervention focused upon problem based as well as task oriented hand hygiene education. It emphasized on enhancing the minimal handling protocol and clustering it with the nursing care, up gradation of the factors for the non-compliance, provision for alcohol based antiseptic, regular hygiene audit along with implementation of surveillance of health care related infections. The result of the study has depicted significant result. It has been found that the overall hand hygiene compliance have been enhanced from 40% to 53%. Hence, it can be implied that task oriented as well as problem oriented education system can help in improving the hand hygiene compliance. In creasing the minimal handling along with clustering the nursing processes can assist in reducing the total patient contact which will contribute in overcoming the major barrier of time constraint. Evaluative Summary Literature review helps in getting an insight to the past studies and research findings which are relevant to the present research topic. Annotating literatures on the causes and prevention of nosocomial infection, significant knowledge has been acquired regarding the topic. This section will emphasize on summarizing the principal understandings and ideas of the literature. A study has been conducted by the gram negative bacilli for identifying its role in nosocomial infection. Most common type of nosocomial infections includes pneumonia and urinary tract infection, surgical site infection and blood stream infection. . According to Weinstein Edwards (2005), gram negative bacilli, for instance, P. aeruginosa, is intrinsically resistant to the antimicrobials or it has acquired the antimicrobial resistance. Proportion of the gram negative bacilli has been increasing. Weinstein Edwards (2005) has clearly identified that the resistance of the gram negative bacilli towards multi drug is a major concern. Hsueh, Chen Luh (2005) had conducted a research study for evaluating the correlation between the use of antimicrobial and antimicrobial resistance in the University of Taiwan. It has been found that the use of antimicrobial which has influenced the antimicrobial resistances in case of some specific gram negative bacteria in the hospitals. The research study has demonstrated that it has increased antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacterspp (which is resistant to meropenem) and K. pneumonia (which is resistant to ciprofloxacin) has a significant correlation with the growing utilization of the cephalosporins. Another study has been reviewed for evaluating the association between the effectiveness of the antimicrobial treatment in case of hospital acquired bloodstream infection (Ibrahim, Sherman, Ward, Fraser, Kollef, 2000). It has been found that administration of the inadequate antimicrobial treatment for the nosocomial bloodstream infection can help in lowering the rate of hospital mortality caused by nosocomial infection. Various studies have been found that nosocomcial infection has a strong association with the medical devices used in the intensive care units. According to Rosenthal, Maki, Salomao, Moreno, Mehta, Higuera Leblebicioglu (2006), the infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is spread within the intensive care unit through medical devices. In case of the developing countries, the study has demonstrated that the patients are exposed to high risk of urinary tract infection. In the pediatric intensive care unit, occurrence of the nosocomial infection hav been studied by various researchers. According to Urrea, Pons, Serra, Latorre, Palomeque, (2003), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most common organisms leading to nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit of pediatrics department. It has been found that the duration of the hospital stay is significantly higher in case of the patients with infection in comparison to the patient without infection. Past research studies have found that bloodstream infection, urinary tract infection, meningitis and pneumonia are caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. Some study has focused on developing prevention methods for nosocomial infections. From the study conducted by Ouderkirk, Nord, Turett Kislak, (2003), it can be implied that use of colistin is safe and can be used for treating the patients suffering from nosocomial infections due to the multi drug resistant. Hence, the use of colistin is considered as a salvage therapy for the patients where the hospital acquired infection is severe and the infections caused by the multi drug resistant. According to Rosenthal, Maki, Salomao, Moreno, Mehta, Higuera Leblebicioglu (2006), effective prevention and control system need to be designed as well as implemented in order to offer superior patient safety. As significant studies have indentified the frequent occurrence of the nosocomial infections in the intensive care units, Jain (2006) have put an effort on the declining the infection rate through enhancing quality, better team work and change in culture. The research study has demonstrated si gnificant impact of the change implemented by Jain (2006). It has been observed that the rate of nonsocial infection such as blood stream infection, ventilation related pneumonia and urinary tract infection has declined. Reviewing the literature it can be concluded that adoption of a systematic approach for improving the settings in the intensive care units can exhibit significant result. It has been found that the multidisciplinary team has significantly helped in improving the interaction and the bundles have offered reliability of evidence based practice. The flow meeting was found to be effective as it assisted in prioritization of the tasks and developed a new culture for decision making empowered by the members of the team. A study conducted by Levin, Levy, Manrique, Medeiros Costa (2003) has demonstrated that treating the patients suffering from nosocomial infection can be treated with the combination of sulbactam and amplicillin as it has been found to be effectual as well as safe. According to Segers, Speekenbrink, Ubbink, van Ogtrop de Mol (2006), decontamination of oropharynx with nasopharynx along with chlorhexidine gluconateafter occurrence of cardiac surgery will be helpful in preventing nosocomial infection. On the other hand, literature review has also helped in getting an insight regarding the prevention mechanism of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in ICU Patients. A study was conducted by Leone, Garnier, Dubuc, Christine Bimar Martin (2001) for comparing the effectiveness of complex closed drainage system with the two chamber open drainage system in preventing urinary tract infection. Various research studies have been conducted in order to prevent and control nosocmial infection for children. The study of Mastretta et al., (2002) has clearly identified Lactobacillus GG was not efficient for prevention of the nosocomial infection caused by rotavirus. On the other hand, it can be concluded that breast feeding is has been found to be effective for preventing hospital acquired infection for infants. Lam (2004), has focused on analyzing the importance of hand hygiene in prevention of nosocomial infection for the neonatal in the intensive care units. References: Asensio, A., Cantn, R., Vaqu, J., Rossell, J., Calbo, F., Garca-Caballero, J. et al. (2006). Nosocomial and community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitalized patients (Spain, 19932003).Journal Of Hospital Infection,63(4), 465-471. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.03.013 Bowen, D. (2001). Research on tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction: Overcoming the limitations of a positivist and quantitative approach.Journal Of Vacation Marketing,7(1), 31-40. doi:10.1177/135676670100700103 Boyte, H. (2000). The Struggle against Positivism.Academe,86(4), 46. doi:10.2307/40251898 Cohen, L., Manion, L., Morrison, K. (2003).Research methods in education. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Fridkin, S., Edwards, J., Tenover, F., Gaynes, R., McGowan, Jr., J. (2001). Antimicrobial Resistance Prevalence Rates in Hospital Antibiograms Reflect Prevalence Rates among Pathogens Associated with Hospital Acquired Infections.Clinical Infectious Diseases,33(3), 324-330. doi:10.1086/321893 Holloway, I. (2005).Qualitative research in health care. Maidenhead, England: Open University Press. Hsueh, P., Chen, W., Luh, K. (2005). Relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections from 19912003 at a university hospital in Taiwan.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,26(6), 463-472. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.08.016 Ibrahim, E. H., Sherman, G., Ward, S., Fraser, V. J., Kollef, M. H. (2000). The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting.Chest Journal,118(1), 146-155. Jain, M. (2006). Decline in ICU adverse events, nosocomial infections and cost through a quality improvement initiative focusing on teamwork and culture change.Quality And Safety In Health Care,15(4), 235-239. doi:10.1136/qshc.2005.016576 Lam, B. (2004). Hand Hygiene Practices in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Multimodal Intervention and Impact on Nosocomial Infection.PEDIATRICS,114(5), e565-e571. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1107 Leone, M., Garnier, F., Dubuc, M., Christine Bimar, M., Martin, C. (2001). Prevention of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infection in ICU Patients *.Chest,120(1), 220. doi:10.1378/chest.120.1.220 Levin, A., Levy, C., Manrique, A., Medeiros, E., Costa, S. (2003). Severe nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam.International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents,21(1), 58-62. doi:10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00276-5 Mastretta, E., Longo, P., Laccisaglia, A., Balbo, L., Russo, R., Mazzaccara, A., Gianino, P. (2002). 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